![]() Language Learning and Language Use in Bilinguals Language acquisition in bilingual children And yet the consequences of bilingualism affect educational policy, social organization, and conceptions of mind. Therefore, there can be no single outcome and no definitive consequence that follows from incorporating more than one language into daily life. Each of the situations associated with multiple language use also carries different assumptions about expectations for education, values around literacy, standards for language proficiency, the purposes for which one or both of the languages are used, the level of community support for the home language, and the identity of the individual as a member of a majority or minority culture. Each of these circumstances is associated with a different set of social, cognitive, and personal factors, and these factors undoubtedly intervene in as well as determine any potential effect of bilingualism. Some of the reasons for bilingualism include immigration, a family that speaks a heritage language, formal education in another language, temporary residence in another country, or a national situation in which the official language is different from the community language. Underlying these differences, a myriad of factors make the bilingual experience deeply heterogeneous and potentially alter its consequences. There are many ways to be bilingual: Some people are born bilingual, some aspire to bilingualism, and others have bilingualism thrust upon them later in life. By adopting this cognitive perspective, there are a number of topics we do not cover, such as reading, lexical and syntactic processing, and linguistic consequences of brain damage, all of which are beyond the scope of the present review. We conclude by identifying and discussing some specific issues for bilinguals in society. In the fourth section, we review the clinical implications of bilingualism for diagnosis and intervention. The third section describes research documenting how the brain supports bilingual functioning and how it changes in response to it. In the second section, we investigate the consequences of bilingualism on nonverbal cognitive functioning. We begin by examining the linguistic dimensions of bilingualism in terms of children’s language acquisition and adult language processing. In this review, we examine the nature of that impact across the lifespan and consider what these effects contribute to our understanding of cognition in general. Recently, evidence indicating that this common experience has a systematic and significant impact on cognitive functioning has accumulated. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS
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