![]() ![]() Target tissue dosimetry is important in the evaluation of safety, efficacy, and potential toxicity of NMs. Nanomaterials (NMs) have been increasingly used in a number of areas, including consumer products and nanomedicine. 166 Gold NPs: 1.4−80 nm (TEM) and 2.9−85 nm (HD) S-TPP (SO 3 − )-modified AuNPs with ∼ (−20) mV 2.8 nm (TEM) carboxyl (positive charge) and amino (negative charge) groups-modified AuNPs 22 nm (CMD) Permeability-limited PBPK model (2) RES uptake included in the lung, liver, and spleen (3) LSA: 1% change in parameters (4) in vitro assays to distinguish between mucociliary-and biliary-cleared NPs in GI and feces and (5) combined in vitro and in silico methods to potentially replace short-term animal studies for assessing NP pulmonary fate and biodistributionLin et al.126 GoldNPs: 13, 16, 20, 80, and 100 nm PEG-coated AuNPs where 20 and 80 nm AuNPs were 111 In labeled and measured from tumor-bearing mice IV Mice (M/F) (1) Permeability-limited PBPK model has superior prediction power over perfusion-limited PBPK model (2) RES uptake mechanisms: uptake from the tissue interstitium (13 nm) or capillary blood (100 nm) (3) Hill function was implemented to describe the saturable RES uptake rate (4) LSA and uncertainty analyses with 1% increase in ACS Nano Review. Permeability-limited PBPK model (2) RES uptake considered in the lung, liver, and spleen (3) LSA with 1% change in parameters (4) size and crystalline structure of TiO 2 NPs had minor effects on the disposition fate (5) particle agglomerate in vivo at high internal exposure and uptake by macrophages in RES and (Permeability-limited PBPK model linked with cell-response model to predict cell death in the liver (2) RES uptake was not considered (3) LSA with ☑0% change and (4) negligible tissue damage from low-dose exposure but larger cell fractions needed to join in the cell cycle to recover the original cell mass Bachler et al. 189 Silver NPs with size of 35 ± 15 nm (TEM) Perfusion-limited PBPK model (2) predictability of dose-dependent NP disposition under acute and subacute exposure scenarios and (3) employed in vitro data to estimate cytotoxicity Bachler et al. Size-dependent and permeability-limited PBPK models incorporating dissolution kinetics for 1−150 nm AgNPs (2) RES uptake included in the lung, liver, and spleen (3) LSA with 1% change in parameters (4) no significant dissolution from AgNPs to Ag ions (5) similar storage processes for ionic Ag and AgNPs and (6) human risk assessment based on different exposure scenarios Oral: 14 and 60 nm NPs Inhalation: 17.1 nm (MMD) and 14.77 nm (GM) NPs Demin et al. The chapter offers a glimpse of the impact of nanotechnology on nutraceutical isolation, fabrication, and development, along with principles and impending, and also their regulation and future opportunities in market scenarios. The market of India is thriving and overflowing with various bioactive nanonutrients, so purchases are accelerating, and the value of the country’s nutraceutical merchandise is projected to hit about US$11 billion in the end of 2021. Effective nanoconversion can be seen as an outcome of approval from various regulatory agencies prior to the commercialization of the nano-item or commodity. For the development of novel commercial nanoceutical formulations, the assessment of their effectiveness and safety is obligatory. Nevertheless, these physicochemical properties are additionally responsible for anticipated unfavorable effects of nanostructures and materials on human health. Their exceptional attributes are principally due to their minuscule dimensions and high surface-to-volume ratio. Numerous hazardous challenges and questions need to be tackled and addressed, and attention should be given to the possible negative effects of nanoceuticals and such structures on human wellbeing. Nanotransformation of these products results in no change in the biochemical structure of the nutrient but prodigious alteration in its activity. Nanoceuticals are delineated using a broad array of structures and systems. The advantages of nanoceuticals as curatives comprise amended dissolution of effective constituents, durability as well as bioavailability, and minimal side-effects. They can be applied for management as well as treatment of health disorders. Nanoceuticals are nutrients or natural complements wherein nutraceuticals are altered with the aid of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The practice of nanotechnology in nutraceutical formulation as well as delivery is growing readily and rapidly in this new age and is widely applied in clinical practice.
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